Energy Storage

Fluctuating sources or loads require energy storage to even power flows.

  Batteries

-  Charging Voltages (per cell)

Lead Acid, Starting

Charging: 2.25 V/cell; Float: 2.25V?; Discharge cut-off: 1.9V?; Equalization: 2.2-2.3VPC (volts per cell)

Lead Acid, Deep-Cycle

Charging: 2.3 V?/cell; Float: 2.25V?; Discharge cut-off: 1.75V; Equalization: 2.58-2.67 VPC

Lead Acid, Sealed or Gel-Cell

Charging: 2.4 V/cell; Float: 2.25V; Discharge cut-off: 1.9V

-  Desulfation

    Lead-acid batteries may develop lead sulfate on the plates that can/will reduce active area. This lead sulfate may be removed by high current pulsing.

  Battery Links

"Battery Storage and Maintenance"

http://www.usbr.gov/power/data/fist/fist3_6/3-6.pdf

  Compressed Air or Other Fluid

  Flywheels

  Hydraulic Storage or Pumping Plants

  Hydrogen, an energy carrier

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Storage/storage.htm updated 050104FRL